Mexico Free Essays

Being probably the biggest nation on the planet, Mexico supports its regional region gathering right around 2 million square kilometers of land. Aside from this, Mexico likewise has a various geology as showed by its great atmosphere. Whenever of the year, it has been said that Mexico has an ideal atmosphere particularly in numerous pieces of its focal good countries and a portion of its waterfront areas. We will compose a custom paper test on Mexico or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Despite the fact that this has been the situation, Mexico’s economy is supposed to be generally determined by the travel industry, mechanical creation, oil and gas creation, materials and garments, and farming. It has additionally been an overall reality that Americans visit Mexico more frequently than some other nations on the planet due to its alluring and good traveler goals. Likewise, there has been various industrial facilities which have been worked to exploit the lower work expenses of Mexico. Beside the immense mechanical milieu, Mexico likewise has been contributing just about 1/5 of the world’s oil holds. Mexico’s apparently dynamic financial action is primarily ascribed to its wide creation just as fares on a wide choice of horticultural merchandise. Then, it has for some time been said that the economy of Mexico is described by a free market. As of late, its GDP has outperformed right around a trillion dollars which makes it perhaps the biggest economy on the planet. It is additionally immovably settled as an upper center salary nation with the most elevated pay per capita in Latin America in showcase trade rates. Be that as it may, Mexico is the main Latin American nation to be individual from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Since the 1994 emergency, resulting organizations were said to have significantly impacted the improvement in the macroeconomic basics of Mexico. After its moderate development in 2001, it in the long run figured out how to keep up a little positive development. In spite of the fact that Moody’s (in March 2000) and Fitch IBCA (in January 2002) have given positive venture grade evaluations for its sovereign obligation, Mexico despite everything needs to search for potential solutions for ease cultural issues. Regardless of whether there has acquired a specific degree of macroeconomic steadiness that has decreased expansion and financing costs to record lows and expanded salary per capita, there still exists issues with respect to social imbalances. These issues incorporate the need to redesign foundation, modernize the assessment framework and work laws and lessen pay imbalance. The economy of Mexico contains a blend of present day and outdated industry and agribusiness. These monetary portions of Mexico are supposed to be generally ruled by the private segment. Be that as it may, late organizations have extended rivalry in ocean ports, railways, media communications, power age, petroleum gas circulation and air terminals with the point of overhauling foundation. In the interim, about 90% of its exchange †taking into account that Mexico is a fare arranged economy †is under organized commerce understandings (FTAs). The Free exchange understanding is formed and settled upon by almostâ 40 nations including the European Union, Japan, Israel and numerous nations in Central and South America. Nonetheless, the most compelling among all unhindered commerce understandings is the NAFTA. NAFTA has said to have existed in 1994 and was marked in 1992 by the administrations of the United States, Canada and Mexico. In 2006, exchange with its northern accomplices represented near 90% of Mexico’s fares and 55% of its imports, with the extraordinary assistance from the unhindered commerce understandings. Following five many years of political disturbance after autonomy in Mexico, the four back to back organizations of President Porfirio Dã ­az was supposed to be the touching off factor for the monetary advancement of Mexico. During his term, the last quarter of the nineteenth century in Mexico has realized monetary development as showed with various outside ventures and by movement. Likewise with his term, President Diaz had the option to build up an effective railroad framework just as the incredible utilization of common assets. It has additionally been said that during Diaz’ term, the total national output of Mexico was likewise coming to those of Argentina and Uruguay during around 1900 and it was very nearly multiple times more than the total national output of Brazil and Venezuela. Its yearly monetary development somewhere in the range of 1876 and 1910 has additionally arrived at the midpoint of by 3.3%. Be that as it may, its discriminatory land conveyance framework prompted the Mexican Revolution in 1910-1917, which has changed the significant parts of Mexican living. This outfitted clash was supposed to be because of political suppression and extortion just as immense salary disparities. At that point, huge haciendas were for the most part possessed by a couple yet worked by a great many came up short on laborers living in problematic conditions. In the interim, during 1930 to 1970 Mexico was named by monetary students of history as the â€Å"Mexican Miracle†. This period is supposed to be described by monetary development as prodded by a model of import-replacement industrialization (ISI). This model has ensured and advanced the improvement of national enterprises. Through the ISI model, the nation encountered a monetary blast through which businesses quickly extended their creation. Significant changes in the monetary structure incorporated the free land dissemination to workers under the idea of ejido, the nationalization of the oil and railroad organizations, the presentation of social rights into the constitution, the introduction of enormous and compelling worker's guilds, and the redesigning of foundation. From 1940 to 1970 GDP expanded six overlay, while populace multiplied. The ISI model had arrived at its crested in the late 1960s. During the 1970s, the organizations of Echeverrã ­a and Lã ³pez Portillo attempted to restore the economy and started to remember social improvement for their approaches, an exertion that involved increasingly open spending. Be that as it may, the administration chose to obtain from worldwide capital markets to put resources into the state-claimed oil organization †which thus appeared to give a since quite a while ago run pay source to advance social government assistance †in the approach of the revelation of enormous oil fields during those occasions where oil costs were flooding and global loan fees were low and even negative. Truth be told, this strategy has delivered a striking development in open consumption, and President Lã ³pez Portillo declared that the opportunity had arrived to figure out how to â€Å"manage prosperity†. This time of flourishing, in any case, was joined by the blunder of assets and expansion. In 1981-1982, the worldwide display changed suddenly. This has been showed by oil costs in the long run plunging just as the hindering increment inâ financing costs. In 1982, President Lã ³pez Portillo before closure his organization chose to suspend installments of outside obligation, depreciated the peso and nationalized the financial framework alongside numerous different businesses that were seriously influenced by the emergency. While import replacement had created a time of industrialization in earlier decades, it was apparent that that extended security had delivered an uncompetitive mechanical part with low efficiency gains. In the mean time, President de la Madrid was the first in the arrangement of presidents that started to actualize neoliberal changes. After the emergency of 1982, banks were reluctant to come back to Mexico and so as to keep the current record in balance. With this, the administration has chosen to depend on money downgrades which has created an impact that started exceptional inflation.â Its expansion rate has arrived at its verifiable high in 1987 at around 159.7%. So as to balance out all the untoward monetary exercises in Mexico, Mexico has chosen to change its exchange strategies. It has been said that the initial move toward the advancement of its exchange was the fuse of Mexico’s mark of GATT in 1986. During the Salinas organization in Mexico, state-possessed organizations were privatized with the remarkable special case of the oil business and vitality since these ventures were essentially ensured by their constitution. Furthermore, the North American Free Trade Agreement was marked in 1992 between the United States, Canada and Mexico. Before long, the mark of two extra enhancements on situations and work gauges happened on January 1, 1994. Beside these, the Salinas organization additionally presented severe value controls and arranged littler the lowest pay permitted by law increases with worker's organizations with the point of checking swelling. While his system was fruitful in decreasing expansion, monetary development pf Mexico has arrived at the midpoint of just 2.8 percent a year. In spite of the fact that this has been the situation, it scarcely shows that gradually Mexico is gradually recuperating from the past missteps of past organizations. Likewise, the transition to change the exchange arrangements would truly assist them with guaranteeing that there would exist constructive financial development for the individuals. After a few organizations attempting to present cure on apparently troublesome arranged economy of Mexico, the Salinas government demonstrated that Mexico can in any case be at standard with the financial exercises of different nations on the planet. Then, the Mexican economy rather its official cash picked up quality by implementing a fixed conversion scale. It has been said that the peso has become exaggerated while the shopper spending expanded. With this Mexico’s current record shortage to arrive at 7% of GDP in 1994, which was principally financed through open obligation instruments called tesobonos. This financing framework has consoled Mexico’s installment in dollars. Be that as it may, the fleeting monetary development was again positioned in an awful light after the Chiapas revolt and the deaths of the destined to win presidential up-and-comer just as the nation’s examiner in 1994, which in the end sen

MIH521 - Health Program Evaluation Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

MIH521 - Health Program Evaluation Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example This paper will talk about the assessment gives that may should be drawn closer for the after school program As per Glasgow, Vogt, and Boles, (1999), there are five measurements that ought to be utilized in assessing a general wellbeing program. Those incorporate reach, adequacy, selection, usage, and upkeep. Every one of these measurements takes a gander at the usefulness of a current program. The compass of the program discloses to us what number of individuals can utilize the program. This data should reveal to us whether the program is working the manner in which it stands or whether it should be expanded or diminished in size. We may pose the accompanying inquiries: This data may be found by taking a gander at nearby data from school insights just as a poll to guardians. Logs kept to follow patients that have gone to the program will likewise be useful. Assessment of the execution of a program discloses to us whether we missed anything. Patton characterizes assessment as a deliberate methodology and assortment of data about projects qualities, exercises, and results with an end goal to improve adequacy. Is the program being conveyed to people in general in such a route as was comprehended first and foremost? It likewise tells whether the program is compelling. This must be finished by inspecting the projects plan and objectives and check whether that is what is truly occurring. Finally, similar to any program, there is upkeep of these projects moreover. When a program is out there working, it is very simple to simply leave it alone. Keeping up it implies reliably reconsidering, changing, and setting up back. This ought to be a persistent circle. There are two or three different things that ought to be taken a gander at and assessed for new and old projects. Those are the crucial qualities, the market needs of the program, the clinical and administration quality and the money related requirements of the

Tata Motors in Romania

Tata Motors in Romania Tata Motors in Romania Home›Marketing Posts›Tata Motors in Romania Marketing PostsTata Motors is an established motor brand which conducts business throughout the world. The company builds cars in economical process which are aimed for the general middle class people and this is one of the most important selling aspects of the company. Along with Asia, Europe and Latin America are two continents where the company has businesses.Romania is a country in Europe. Unlike other European countries, it is not quite developed economically and so there are a huge number of people who belong to the lower and middle classes and can not afford cars that come with high price. One of the very important aspects of Tata Motors is that they build cars for the general people and most of their products can be termed as family cars.There are several models that can be introduced in the Romanian market. These cars are affordable for the general people of Romania and with exciting looks they can be a rage in the market.To be successful in the automobile market of Romania, it is very important the company first do a market research about the existing companies in the country and understand the price range and the capability of the target customers. In a general sense the Romanian people are family friendly than most of the other European countries, and they will surely like the concept of a family car in an affordable price range.Along with that the roads are not quite developed, it is not quite suitable for driving any costly vehicle. The price and make of the Tata cars will perfectly suit the conditions. All these aspects are very important in the context of introducing Tata Motors in Romania and they will surely become an added advantage in the favor of the Company.

How to Write Essay on Civil Rights Movement in the USA

How to Write Essay on Civil Rights Movement in the USA Writing is not everyone’s cup of tea. But following our simple tips on essay writing, you will make sure it is not true. The essay writing guidelines we are going to demonstrate will be based on the topic â€Å"Civil Rights Movement in the U.S.†. The topic is quite complex, but there is no need to worry! We will help you cope with it in the twinkling of an eye! The structure we are going to use is typical for every essay and it is as following: introduction, body, and conclusion. Start with the introduction part. Here you are to present the general information about the civil rights in the USA, its history, and provide your reader with the main points you are going to light up in the main part of your work. Introduction. In general, the civil rights movement in the USA is quite an impressive and diverse conception. It is possible to mention that civil rights movement was a real struggle in physical and philosophical meaning. To clear up the situation, it is important to say that civil rights movement was the fight against discrimination of blacks, which was hypocritical. We recommend you to mention the fact that at the same time when America was discriminating its own black inhabitants, there was struggling against fascism equal rights in Europe. Destroying of this injustice was the main civil rights movement’s goal. Body. In this section it is advisable to mention the most famous leaders of the civil rights movement and find out whether this movement really had revolutionary nature. First of all, provide the definition of the revolution itself. The best one can be found in the Encyclopedia Britannica. When talking about the civil rights movement, do not forget to mention Malcolm X. This person was prominent and brilliant in the issue of the fight against discrimination. Even nowadays his message is an inspiration for the movement of the black youth all over the world. This message is of a rebellion nature. Martin Luther King, Jr. is the other famous and important civil rights movement leader and is a prominent example that the US civil rights movement wasn’t of a revolutionary and violent nature at all. Today, racial equality is a problem of a great concern. And, unfortunately, there is a long time before we reach it. McDonald claims that in the United States racism and inequality still exist even now. Because of the inequality and poverty of the black people in the USA, the civil right movement ideas are still alive. Conclusion. What do you think about the civil right movement in general? What are your ideas concerning the racial inequality? In the conclusion section you are free to express your own ideas and summarize what was said above. One of the things worth to be mentioned is the death of Malcolm X. After he died, all peaceful claims concerning racial equality were shut down and discrimination and racism are still an integral part of the modern society of the USA.

Strategies Of Manageing Persons With Dementia - 3710 Words

STRATEGIES IN MANAGEING PERSONS WITH DEMENTIA IN RESIDENTIAL INSTITUTIONS Harshal Haridas1, Seena Abraham2 ABSTRACT Background: Dementia is one of the fatal brain disease which shatters the person’s ability in his daily functioning. The prevalence of dementia in Kerala in people aged ≠¥ 55 is 3.77% and 4.86% in ≠¥ 65 years. Kerala has highest number of old age home in India and significant number of elderly residing in the old age home which also includes substantial number of persons with dementia. They require some special attention or they might be marginalized among the elderly. Thus this is a serious endeavor to investigate those management strategies on elderly with dementia in residential institution for aged. Aim: This study was planned to find out the strategies in managing persons with dementia in residential institutional care. Methodology: This study was a descriptive study of 6 different institutes of Kerala. Purposive sampling method was used for data collection. Only residential care centers who provide care to dementia patients were included. Structured interview schedule and non-participatory observation method was used for data collection. Results:Each institution has specific strategies according to their milieu, out of Physiological and Psycho-Social need, the second set of need is totally ignored. Conclusion:None of the old age care home are giving separate attention to person with dementia, even they are not aware that few of inmates in their

Getting the Best Biology Extended Essay Topics

Getting the Best Biology Extended Essay Topics Essay writing isn't an easy task whatsoever. Therefore, you should double check them before you begin writing. Proofread plus edit the job. Among the biggest assignments you'll have is an elongated essay. If you feel uncertain that you are able to write an outstanding grade extended essay yourself, you're welcome to employ our assistance within this problem. The ideal method is to check through some fantastic extended essay examples. Check variety of ideas and techniques on extended essay writing. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Biology Extended Essay Topics If you don't go through the guidelines you will not find a topic that's accepted. The guidelines can help you weed out any topics that aren't appropriate or prohibited. The guidelines provided are incredibly important whenever deciding upon a topic. As is true with extended essays, there's a question as a portion of the topic. Sorry if you were searching for specific topic ideas. With this kind of strict guidelines, it will be a small amount of a task to get the ideal extended biology topic. The ideal thing is to simply move forward from any of those topics. It is possible to also acquire many discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Essays written at the degree of a newspaper or news magazine article are unlikely to attain a high mark. With our crew of writers, all of the info provided is of the utmost quality and verified before it's posted. You can also locate affordable essay service options by searching for inexpensive essay help online. Biology Extended Essay Topics Ideas Another notion is to write about is how environment impacts the body with assorted diseases. In such situations, only the essential non-chemistry information sho uld be given in the debut, since the essay is going to be marked on its chemical content. As a student you have to be in a position to demonstrate suitable research and your capacity to communicate ideas and produce an argument. So as to place their research into the acceptable context, students should find out more about the region of the investigation before commencing any experimental work. If your school isn't one already, learn to develop into an IB World School as a way to implement the DP. You won't be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in a week and receive an A. Say, for instance, you're a high school student, and you should compose a 3-page essay. High school students who complete the programme receive a chance to produce their college application appear more attractive for the committee, in addition to obtain some exceptional interdisciplinary understanding. The Basics of Biology Extended Essay Topics Therefore, if there's any reason why you cannot have your ext ended essay written on time yourself, all you have to do is place your order on our site, and leave the rest to us! Actually, there's an awful bunch of distinct resources nowadays. In this way, your burden in writing may somehow be decreased in the procedure. The effect of miscarriage on the upcoming chance of women to have kids. The body of your EE should compose the majority of the essay. You must find a topic that will readily let you collect data within the parameters set. Bear in mind a lengthy essay may have a word count up to 4000 words. It's possible to create an elongated essay in chemistry where the student has used data collected elsewhere as the key source. The main reason why some may experience difficulties with their essays is because they choose the incorrect topic. A lengthy essay in company and management provides students with a chance to perform in-depth research in a place of private interest For example. The integration of market activities, you've got many scenarios in which you might decide to negotiate. You're a student free of access or liberty to do experiments and neither have the vital resources to achieve that. Begin the research possible once possible.

Social Determinants of Health HIV

Question: Discuss about theSocial Determinants of Health for HIV. Answer: Introdcution Health is right of every human being on earth. Quality of health determines the development of society, class differences. The access to good health and the prevention technique determines the health equity. It needs to spread all across the world. (WHO, 2016). Social factors are also a determinant of health apart from other infectious and non infectious diseases. HIV is considered to the determinant for the fault lines in society. (Bateson Goldsby, 1988). This fault is depicted by the unequal status of women in societies. In South Africa, AIDS depicts the poor condition of women who cannot take benefit of the social freedom. (WHO, 2007). The incidence of AIDS is increasing in women all around the world. (Pomeroy, 2008). From around 20 years the number of women patients suffering with AIDS has been approximately half of 40 million AIDS patients across the world. The number is higher in the developing countries. (Quinn Overbaugh, 2005). Social inequalities are a major risk in women suffering from HIV in USA. (Zierler Krieger, 1997). Social determinants of health of women to HIV infection include gender, economic status, cultural, race, social justice and sexual norms. (Dworkin Blankenship, 2009). In the sub Sahara region of Africa, around 60% of women are suffering with HIV. Due to the gender based inequality the chance of getting HIV infection is more in women these days. The CDC(2012) report suggests that the chances of HIV infection is 20% higher in women of colour compared to the other women in USA. As per some studies the women of colour across the world have a greater possibility to acquire AIDS compared to the white women. (Gibbs et al., 2012). Social, physical environment, health care services and other major factors are mainly responsible for the inequity related to health in women. This causes hindrance in women access to preventive measures. CDC has developed upstream and downstream strategies to deal the social determinants of health. The upstream social determinants include the physical and social environments and the downstream determinants include the medical care, personal resources and health behaviours. (Woolf Braveman, 2011). The social values which prevent women and girls from receiving sex education are a major drawback affecting the women from receiving the required knowledge to avoid the risk of acquiring the disease. The lower status of women in society which make them sub ordinate to men and prevent them having control over their own life and important decision related to it. Lower economic status is also a major factor which is affecting the health many women across the whole world. The developing countr ies in Africa, Asia and part of South America have a higher population living under poverty which is an important factor in making the women more vulnerable to the disease. The gender inequality affects them from getting the proper health care from the health care organisations. The discrimination in the society on the basis of sex prevents the women to speak openly about sex. This gives rise to unequal sexual dynamics which affect the health of women. The responsibility of handling the household work and taking care of their children prevent them from going to the health care centres. Also the fear of positive test detection and the related effects on the family because of the diagnosis stops them from getting the care and treatment. The physical and sexual violence towards women is causing a risk of getting the infection. Trauma and cuts are common in case of forced physical relation which causes the chances of HIV infection through the sores. The repeated sexual abuse and fear of saving relationship with their partners force the women to be a host for the sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. This is also a refraining factor for women from taking th e test to detect the test. The fear that their partner will abandon them or might cause physical harm to them let them suffer with the problem alone and prevent them from getting the right care. The problem is more of concern in the sex workers. The risk of infection is higher in these women. The discriminatory treatment with these women related to their work and the violence against them increases the risk factor. (ARCH, 2016). The lack of knowledge and usage of the prevention methods to avoid the STIs and HIV increases the risk among women. The inability to ask for protection use by the partners increases the risk. This is more common in the developing countries where women feel shy and are less expressive about their problems. The ignorance and lack of information about their health and related diseases is letting the infection spread its root in more number of women. Stigma related to HIV is acting as a major hindrance for the use of effective measures against the infection. Not only is this issue affecting the health of women and destroying their family life, social involvement, economic condition but also acting as a hurdle for them to access the health facilities and get tested for the infection. (Kalichman Simbayi, 2003). To control the infection from spreading it is important to have the number of infected people and determine the outcome of issues like stigma on a greater level in the society. It is acting as challenge for the health care workers to spread awareness and the prevention facilities to the one in need. (Duffy, 2005). Poor financial condition for women also makes them in getting involved in multiple sex relationships without proper protection. The social discrimination and the lack of culturally competent services and health care providers, ethnic differences and the language barrier all act in creating the barriers for the eff ective applications of the method to control the risk of disease especially in case of women. The working and living environment also heightens the risk. Lack of proper facilities, unemployment and unhygienic living conditions make them more vulnerable. Now looking for the influence of these determinants in women across the world, one can find that the condition is worse in the developing countries compared to the developed countries. Women from the sub- Saharan Africa living in the rural areas are at a higher risk to HIV infection. The disease has affected African continent very badly. The effects of the disease are causing a poor health, economic and social discrimination in the people. In case of women it is observed that around 60 % of AIDS victim in the Sub Saharan African region are women which show a high number compared to the women from USA where there 25% of women got infected by AIDS in 2008. (UNAIDS WHO, 2009). The higher rate of transmission in the African women can also be because of the ethnic, social, financial and legal factors. The dependency of women on their male partners for their survival is observed in some African cultures which prevent them from having control over their life decisions. The number of death is higher for women in Africa which is creating imbalance in the population ratio. It is estimated by some of the scientists that the number of male aged between 15 to 44 years will increase compared to the women counterparts by the year 2020. (US census bureau, 2004). The death of their partners due to AIDS poses a responsibility of handling the family and meeting their demands which is affect the financial conditions of the family. While in USA the number of women patient getting HIV infection also shows a higher number of African women compared to the American women in the year 2008 to 2011 reported by CDC. The increase use of drugs in women is a rising a concern of getting HIV infection in American women. The government is promoting awareness about the disease by implementing strategies and programmes. The public health advocacy groups aims at imparting sexual education to the citizens to control the risk of HIV infection. The education about sex and related infection is must for the women who are at risk. The approach required for combating these social determinants which are affecting women all across world involves raising awareness among the people to accept the HIV infected people as a part of the society. The need of health care instructors and professionals is important. Volunteers are required who can reach out to the remote areas and promote awareness and provide the necessary preventive measures to the women belonging to diverse cultural background. Structural interventions are required to change the social determinants which are increasing the risk of HIV infection in women. The structural interventions aim at developing method and strategies which can deal with the health issues in the light of social, economic and political environment. This will help in spreading the preventing method on a mass level and saving the lives of many people. The policies should focus on the needs of the women and should be designed accordingly to help them from falling prey to the deadly infection. References Commision of social determinants of health. (2007). Geneva: World Health Organisation. Retreived from https://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/ Bateson, M Goldsby, R. (1988). Thinking AIDS: the social response to the biological threat. MA:Addison-wesley. World health organisation commission on social determinants. (2007). Achieving health equity: from root causes to fair outcomes. Geneva, Switzerland: World health organisation. Retrieved on 23 October 2016 from https://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications./2007/intrim_statement_eng.pdf. Pomeroy, C. (2008). Social determinant of HIV risk in women. AMA journal of ethics, 10(7).457-464. Quinn, T. C Overbaugh, J. (2005). HIV/ AIDS in women: an expanding epidemic. Science,308(5728). 1582-1583. Doi: 10.1126/science.112489. Zierler, S Krieger, N. (1997). Reframing womens risk: social inequalities and HIV infection. annual review of public health, 18. 401-436. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.pubhealth.18.1.401. Gibbs et al. (2012). Combined structural interventions for gender equality and livelihood security: a critical review of the evidence from southern and eastern Africa and the implications for young people. Journal of international AIDS society, 14(1). 1-10. Centers for disease control and prevention. (2012). Capacity matters: strengthening the HIV prevention workforce to implement high impact prevention. Retrieved on 23 October 2016 from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/caapcity_building_year_2012.pdf Woolf, S. H., Braveman, P. (2011). Where health disparities begin: the role of social and economic determinants and why current policies may make matters worse. Health affairs. 30. 1852-1859. ARCH. (2016). The social determinants of health. HIV/AIDS resources community health. Retrieved on 23 October 2016 from https://archguelph.ca/social-determinants-health Kalichman, S. C Simbayi, L. C. (2003). HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in Cape Town South Africa. Sex Transm Infect, 79(6). 442-447. Duffy, L. (2005). Suffering, shame, and silence: the stigma of HIV/AIDS. Journal of the association of nurses in AIDS care, 16(1). 13-20. Joint united nations programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the world health organisation (WHO) 2009 AIDS epidemic update. (2009). Retrieved on 23 October 2016 from https://data.unaids.org/pub/report/2009/JC1700_epi_update_2009_en_pdf. US census bureau. (2004). The AIDS pandemicin the 21st century. Washington DC, USA: US government printing office. Retrieved on 23 October 2016 from https://www.census.gov/ipc/prod/wp02/wp02-2.pdf.